Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a prevalent surgical intervention for gallbladder pathologies. However, its adoption introduced a novel profile of intraoperative and postoperative complica

Background: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is the standard minimally invasive surgical modality for managing large and complex renal and proximal ureteric calculi. A comprehensive understanding o

Background: Hemoglobinopathies represent a prevalent category of inherited genetic disorders characterized by disruptions in the biosynthesis of one or more globin polypeptide chains constituting the

Background: Lymph nodes, distributed throughout the human body, are critical components of the immune system and are routinely evaluated for pathological changes. These nodes are susceptible to infect