Effect of a 2-Month Very Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet (VLCKD) Compared to a Standard Low-Calorie Diet (LCCD) on Deep Superficial Adipose Tissue in Obese Adults: A Randomized, Controlled Trial

Introduction: This study aims to compare the effects of a 2-month very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) with a standard low-calorie diet (LCCD) on deep superficial adipose tissue (dSAT) in obese adults. The primary goal was to evaluate changes in dSAT and other anthropometric measurements, while the secondary objectives included assessing weight loss, fat mass (FM), and fat-free mass (FFM). Methodology: In this randomized controlled trial, 70 obese adults (35 in each group) were assigned to follow either the VLCKD or the LCCD for 2 months. dSAT was measured using ultrasound, and additional parameters, including body weight, waist and hip circumference, body fat percentage, and FFM, were recorded at the beginning and end of the study. Results: After 2 months, the VLCKD group showed a significantly greater reduction in dSAT (-3.86 mm) compared to the LCCD group (-2.88 mm) (p < 0.05). The VLCKD group also experienced a 12% decrease in body fat percentage, while the LCCD group showed a 9% reduction (p < 0.01). Both groups maintained similar levels of FFM, with no significant differences. Discussion: The VLCKD group demonstrated more substantial reductions in dSAT and body fat percentage compared to the LCCD group, suggesting that VLCKD may be more effective in reducing visceral fat. These findings indicate potential metabolic health benefits of VLCKD for obese individuals. Further research with longer follow-up periods is necessary to determine the sustainability and underlying mechanisms of these effects.